Legal regulation is realized by the Constitution of Ukraine (hereinafter referred to as the Constitution, CU), the Law of Ukraine on the Legal State of Emergency (hereinafter - the Law) and the Code of Civil Protection of Ukraine (hereinafter - the Code) as well the Law of Ukraine on Protection of the Population Against Infectious Diseases, and the Law of Ukraine on Sanitary and Epidemic Well-Being. The Constitution of Ukraine mentions only environmental emergency situation.

According to the CMU Resolution #211 of 11 March 2020 on the Prevention of COVID-19 Coronavirus Spread in Ukraine the government has announced quarantine, but the emergency situation has been imposed only in some oblasts.

Today, according to the CMU Resolution of 25 March 2020, the Government has extended the quarantine until 24 April 2020 and introduced an emergency situation throughout the country.

At the same time, the President's Office, the Government and the pubic continue discussing the announcement of the state of emergency.

Quarantine

What is quarantine?

According to Article 427 of the Association Agreement between Ukraine on the one part, and the European Union, the European Atomic Energy Community and their Member States on the other part, ratified by the Law of Ukraine of 09/16/2014, cooperation in health care expects the prevention and control over infectious diseases such as HIV/AIDS and tuberculosis, increased readiness to outbreaks of highly pathogenic diseases and implementation of International Health Regulations. The International Health Regulations interprets a quarantine as the restriction of activities and/or separation from others of suspect persons who are not ill or of suspect baggage, containers, conveyances or goods in such a manner as to prevent the possible spread of infection or contamination.

According to Article 1 of the Law of Ukraine on Protection of the Population Against Infectious Diseases, a quarantine is a set of administrative and health measures, applied to prevent the spread of especially dangerous infectious diseases. The procedure for announcement of quarantine is established by Article 29 of the Law of Ukraine Protection of the Population Against Infectious Diseases and Article 40 of the Law of Ukraine on Sanitary and Epidemic Well-Being.

Who introduces and cancels a quarantine?

A quarantine is established and canceled by the Government upon an appeal from the Ministry of Health based on submission of the Chief State Sanitary Doctor of Ukraine. A decision on introduction of quarantine shall specify: 1) circumstances that led to it; 2) territories subject to quarantine; 3) preventive, anti-epidemic and other measures, their executors and duration; 4) temporary restrictions on the rights of individuals and legal entities, as well as additional duties assigned to them (Article 29 of the Law of Ukraine Protection of the Population Against Infectious Diseases. Quarantine is announced for the period necessary to eliminate an epidemic or outbreak of a particularly dangerous infectious disease.

What measures can be introduced during a quarantine?

 Local executive and local self-government bodies on quarantined territories are entitled to (Article 30):

  • involve enterprises, institutions and organizations regardless of their form of ownership, in the implementation of measures aimed to localize and eliminate the epidemic or outbreak of an infectious disease;
  • take vehicles, buildings, structures, equipment, or other property of enterprises, institutions, organizations, for a temporary use, regardless of their forms of ownership, that are necessary for the implementation of preventive and anti-epidemic measures, with subsequent full reimbursement of expenses in accordance with the procedure established by law;
  • establish a special regime for entering and leaving a territory subject to quarantine for citizens and vehicles, and if necessary - to carry out a sanitary inspection of things, luggage, vehicles and cargo;
  • enhance statutory requirements for a quality and conditions of production, manufacturing and sale of food, treatment and quality of drinking water;
  • create checkpoints, etc. at entrances and exits from quarantine territory.

Local self-government bodies create on quarantine territories specialized health care institutions with special anti-epidemic measures - special hospitals, isolators, observatories, using the premises of health care institutions, health centers, educational institutions etc.

Patients with particularly dangerous and dangerous infectious diseases, as well as persons with symptoms of such diseases, are subject to compulsory hospitalization in these specialized hospitals. Quarantined individuals, who contacted with a patient suffering from a dangerous infectious disease, shall be hospitalized in an isolator.

Only persons who obtain a leave permit can go outside of a quarantine territory until it's over. In order to obtain such a permit, those who wish to leave the quarantine territory must stay under medical supervision during the incubation period of the disease in question. The permit is issued after staying in the observatory for a required period, with consideration of medical supervision results and examinations.

Are the measures consistent with the Constitution?

The activities such as cancelling intercity and interregional traffic connection, and imposing ban for entry and exit abroad do restrict the right for the freedom of movement to a certain extent. It is determined in Art. 33 of the Constitution of Ukraine. On the other hand, par. 4 Art. 2 of the Protocol No. 4 to the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms establishes that movement may also be subject, in particular areas, to restrictions imposed in accordance with law and justified by a public interest in a democratic society.

Emergency situation

What is emergency situation?

Emergency situation is a situation in a certain territory or within a business operator premises located thereon, or on a water body, characterized by disrupted normal conditions for activity of citizens caused by a disaster, accident, fire, acts of the elements, epidemics, epizooty, epiphytoty, application of destruction means or other hazardous event that caused (or might cause) the threat to life or health of citizens, a large number of fatalities or casualties, large property damage, as well as disable citizens from living within the territory or the facility, or from carrying out agricultural activities thereon.

Who can introduce an emergency situation? Under Art. 14 of the Code, in the event of occurrence of emergency situation, according to the decision of the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine, the Council of Ministers of the Autonomous Republic of Crimea, regional state administrations, Kyiv and Sevastopol city state administrations, the emergency situation regime shall be temporarily imposed for the single public system of civil defense, in full or in part, for its individual territorial systems.

Under the rule of emergency situation, unlike the state of emergency, no constitutional human and citizen rights and freedoms can be restricted, except for cases stipulated in the Constitution of Ukraine.

At the same time, the emergency situation regime stipulates additional rights and obligations:

rights:

  • to receive information about emergency situations or hazardous events that have taken place or may take place, including also in a form accessible to persons with visual and hearing impairments;
  • to be provided with collective and personal protective equipment, and its use;
  • to apply for public authorities and local self-government bodies for protection against emergency situations;
  • to participate in works to prevent and liquidate the consequences of emergencies as part of voluntary civil formations;
  • to receive salary for the works liquidating the consequences of emergencies in case of being engaged into such works under work contracts;
  • to have social protection and reimbursement of damages, pursuant to the law, caused to their lives, health, and property due to emergency situations or due to undertaking works to prevent or liquidate the consequences;
  • to receive medical aid, social and psychological support and medical psychological rehabilitation in case of suffering physical and psychological traumas.

obligations:

  • to follow the rules of conduct, security and actions under emergencies;
  • to follow security measures in everyday living and work activities, not to allow for breaking the production and technological discipline, requirements for environmental safety, and safety on the job that might lead to emergencies;
  • to learn the methods of protection against emergencies and actions to be taken in case they occur, to learn medical aid to the injured persons, and the rules for using personal protection equipment;
  • to notify emergency services about occurrence of emergencies;
  • in the event of occurrence of emergencies, take measures to rescue citizens and property before the emergency rescue teams arrive;
  • to adhere to the anti-epidemic, anti-epizootic, and anti-epiphytotic regimes, and radiological protection regime;
  • to adhere to the fire safety rules, to equip their privately-owned buildings with the primary fire extinguishing equipment, to teach children careful handling of fire.
State of Emergency

What is the state of emergency?

The state of emergency is a special legal regime that restricts certain constitutional human rights and empowers public authorities with additional mandate. The state of emergency is declared in the event of the actual threat to public security or to constitutional order impossible to eliminate with other methods.

What restrictions could be introduced during the state of emergency?

Under the state of emergency, pursuant to Art. 64 of the Constitution of Ukraine, there may be imposed certain restraints for rights and freedoms specifying the effective period. The rights and freedoms provided by Articles 24, 25, 27, 28, 29, 40, 47, 51, 52, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63 of the Constitution shall not be restricted (particularly, the right to life, the right to dignity, the right to petition, the right to judicial protection, refusal to fulfil the manifestly unlawful orders, application of the presumption of innocence, and refusal to witness against oneself or one’s family). At the same time, the exercise of electoral rights provided by Art. 38 of the Constitution is restricted.

According to part 2 Art. 157 of the Constitution of Ukraine, the Constitution cannot be changed under the state of emergency. In addition, under Art. 21 of the Law, under the state of emergency, it is also prohibited to change electoral laws, conduct elections, referenda, or restrict rights and powers of the people’s deputies of Ukraine. The term of mandate of the representational local self-government bodies, of Verkhovna Rada of the Autonomous Republic of Crimea, of the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine shall be extended for the period of the state of emergency, if expired.

During the state of emergency, there may be introduced the following measures (Art. 16 of the Law):

  • establishing a special regime for entry and exit, and restricting the freedom of movement within the territory under the state of emergency;
  • restricting traffic for vehicles, and their inspection;
  • reinforced protection of public order and of facilities providing for sustainment of everyday living and economy;
  • ban on mass events, except for events subject to the injunction;
  • ban on strikes;
  • compulsory expropriation or withdrawal of property from legal entities and individuals.

Since the Covid-19 virus is an emergency situation of natural origin, under Article 17 the following restrictive measures could be introduced:

  • introduction of the special procedures for distributing food and emergency supplies;
  • suspension from work for the period of the state of emergency, in the event of undue fulfilment of duties, of directors of public enterprises, institutions or organizations sustaining normalization of situation in the area under the state of emergency, and temporarily assign other persons to perform duties in place of the suspended directors;
  • change of the operating mode of enterprises, institutions, and organizations of all forms of ownership, their reprofiling to manufacture products necessary under the state of emergency, other changes in production activities needed to do emergency response and restoration works;
  • mobilization and use of resources of companies, institutions, and organizations, regardless of the form of ownership to avert hazards and liquidate emergencies, with obligatory reimbursement of incurred damages;
  • imposing a quarantine and taking other mandatory sanitary and anti-epidemic measures;
  • temporary ban on construction of new, or expansion of operating enterprises and other facilities, which activity is not related to the elimination of emergencies or to sustainment of population and emergency rescue teams, etc.

In addition, in order to liquidate the especially severe emergencies, in peaceful time, a designated mobilization can be declared which scope and terms shall be stipulated by the Decree of the President of Ukraine on introducing the state of emergency.

Who introduces and how?

The state of emergency can be introduced in the event of occurrence of especially severe situations of man-made and natural disasters (acts of the elements, accidents, especially big fires, use of destruction means, pandemics, panzooties, etc.) that present threat to life and health of large groups of population (par. 1 part 2 Art.4 of the Law).

1. The state of emergency in Ukraine or in its certain areas shall be introduced by the Decree of the President of Ukraine to be approved by the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine within two days upon the President’s request. *Under the conditions that call for urgent action to rescue the population or to prevent loss of life, such as in the face of pandemics, the state of emergency may be introduced without notice. Under other conditions, provided by par.2-9 Art. 4 o the Law, prior notice is an obligatory stage for introducing the state of emergency.

2. If it should be necessary to introduce the state of emergency due to pandemics and on other grounds provided in par.1 part. 2 Art. 4 of the Law, the proposals to introduce it shall be submitted by the Cabinet of Ministers. On other grounds, proposals to introduce the state of emergency in Ukraine or in its certain areas shall be submitted to the President of Ukraine by the National Security and Defense Council of Ukraine.

Requirements to the Decree of the President of Ukraine to introduce the state of emergency (Art. 6 of the Law): 1) justification for the need to introduce the state of emergency under article 4 of the Law; 2) defining the boundaries of the area to be covered by the state of emergency; 3) establishing the time to introduce the state of emergency, and the effective period; 4) clearly defined list and scope of emergency measures, the exhaustive list of constitutional human and citizen rights and freedoms to be temporarily restrained due to the introduction of the state of emergency, as well as the list of temporary rights and lawful interests of legal entities specifying the effective period for restraints; 5) assigning public authorities, military command authorities and local self-government bodies to be in charge of administering the emergency measures, and the scope of their additional powers; 6) other requirements set by the Law.

3. Upon signing the Decree on introducing the state of emergency, the President of Ukraine shall apply to the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine for its approval. The request from the President of Ukraine shall be considered by the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine without undue delay.

4. The Decree of the President of Ukraine on the introduction of the state of emergency, approved by the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine, shall be immediately announced via mass media or in another manner.

What can be the period of duration for the state of emergency?

The state of emergency in Ukraine can be introduced for the period of up to 30 days, and up to 60 days in certain areas. If the need should arise, the state of emergency may be extended by the President of Ukraine, but no longer than for 30 days. The Decree of the President of Ukraine on extension of the state of emergency shall become effective upon its approval by the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine (Art. 7 of the Law).

Can the regime of the state of emergency be lifted before expiry?

The state of emergency in Ukraine or in its certain areas can be discontinued by the Decree of the President of Ukraine ahead of time it was introduced for, in the event of eliminating the circumstances that preconditioned the necessity to introduce the state of emergency. Proposals to discontinue the state of emergency in Ukraine or in its certain areas that had been introduced due to pandemics shall be submitted by the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine. The discontinuation of the state of emergency shall be declared without undue delay via mass media or in another manner, after the publication of the respective Decree of the President of Ukraine. (Art. 8 of the Law)

How does the Parliament operate under the state of emergency?

In the event of introducing the state of emergency in Ukraine or in its certain areas, the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine shall take the decision either to extend the session, or to continue its operations in plenary meetings during the entire duration of the state of emergency. In the event the Presidential Decree on the introduction of the state of emergency on the entire territory of Ukraine or in its certain areas is issued in the period between the sessions, the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine shall meet within two days without convening, and operate in the session mode.

Heads of public authorities or local self-government bodies, of enterprises, institutions, and organizations of all forms of ownership shall facilitate immediate arrival of the people’s deputies of Ukraine to the session of the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine and exercise of their powers. (Art. 12 of the Law)

Important! Special conditions (states, regimes) in the form of a quarantine, emergency situation, or the state of emergency could be introduced irrespective of each other. For example, the quarantine has been introduced over the entire territory of Ukraine, while the regime of emergency situation has only been imposed in certain regions.

International Liabilities

Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms[1]

Art. 15 of the Convention regulates the derogation from obligations during the emergency situation. According to the Convention, in time of war or other public emergency threatening the life of the nation, any High Contracting Party may take measures derogating from its obligations under the Convention to the extent strictly required by the exigencies of the situation, provided that such measures are not inconsistent with its other obligations under international law. At the same time, the provision cannot serve as the grounds for derogation from Article 2, except for cases of death due to legitimate military actions, or from Articles 3, 4 (par. 1) and 7 of the Convention.

When exercising the right to derogate from its obligations, the state shall notify in full scope the Secretary General of the Council of Europe about the measures taken, and the grounds for taking them, and also about the time when such measures stopped being effective, while provisions of the Convention shall resume in full capacity.

International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights[2]

Under Art. 4 of the Covenant, in time of public emergency in a country which threatens the life of the nation and the existence of which is officially proclaimed, the States Parties to the Covenant may take measures derogating from their obligations under the present Covenant to the extent strictly required by the exigencies of the situation, provided that such measures are not inconsistent with their other obligations under international law and do not involve discrimination solely on the ground of race, colour, sex, language, religion, or social origin. The above stated provision may not act as the grounds for any derogation from Articles 6, 7, 8 (par. 1 and 2), 11, 15, 16 and 18 of the Covenant.

The state exercising the right for derogation shall without undue delay notify other states signatories of the Covenant, through the agency of the UN Secretary General, on the derogated provisions, and about the causes leading to the decision. The notification shall also be made, through the same agency, about the date for discontinuing the derogation.

Important! In the event of introducing any special status (regime, conditions), including quarantine, emergency situation, state of emergency when human and citizen rights and freedoms are restricted, the state shall notify about any such restraints to the Council of Europe and the United Nations Organization. For example, in 2015, a resolution of the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine was approved “On Statement of the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine "On Ukraine’s Derogation From Certain Obligations Set by the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights and under the Convention for Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms" due to administering the anti-terrorist operation[3].

In this respect, in the event of restraints for the exercise of human and citizen rights and freedoms, and on the basis of the available experience, regardless of any emergencies (quarantine, emergency situation, state of emergency), Ukraine shall notify the respective international institutions. Otherwise, Ukraine may suffer significant economic losses due to satisfying complaints from citizens of Ukraine on violating their rights during the emergency period.

Elections under the state of emergency and the regime of emergency situation, and possible scenarios for their conduct or postponement

Since 2014, the discussion has been on in Ukraine on the need to distinguish between the “conditions”, “introduction” and the “regime” for a special status (emergency rule or martial law).

In the context of a discussion on changes to the Constitution under the martial law, a judge of the Constitutional Court of Ukraine (2006-2015) Shyshkin V.I., in an individual opinion on the Findings of the Constitutional Court of Ukraine on the case about introducing changes to the Constitution on the immunity of people’s deputies of Ukraine and the judges, stated that the conditions of the martial law or the state of emergency exist objectively, and generate legal relations characteristic of the rule, and are not conditional on the subjective position of those who should respond to them within their constitutional powers by introducing the rule, but do not resort to such actions. The conditions of the martial law are defined by legal regulatory acts as the grounds to declare it. Such phenomena as martial law circumstances and the introduction of the martial law are related but not identical. Adoption or non-adoption of the act on introducing the martial law is only a question of political relevance, which shall not replace the available objective legal conditions.[4]

Similar arguments have also been mentioned in individual opinions of the CCU judges Slidenko I.D.[5], and Melnyk M.I.[6]

On the other hand, a CCU judge Holovatyi S.P. emphasized that the position is not consistent with the provisions of the Constitution, and it shall be interpreted in a systemic manner, since the martial law conditions are the consequence of legal facts, rather than factual events. The martial law conditions result from the declaration of the martial law in the legal sense, such as the President issuing the Decree. However, in order to have the martial law or its conditions legally emerge, there shall be a ratification by the Verkhovna Rada. When the martial law is introduced with the help of these two institutions, a legal regime of the martial law emerges, which is identical to the conditions of the martial law in legal terms, rather than de facto.[7]

Upon declaring the pandemics, other national scholars also expressed their opinions. In particular, prof. Boryslavska O.M. highlights that during the state of emergency overlapping with the state of war, the Parliament needs to take a special care of the legitimacy of its decisions. Moreover, having the Parliament approve any decisions of public significance not related to the pandemics, under conditions of the factual state of emergency effective in Ukraine, is deemed illegitimate.[8] Therefore, it would be highly relevant to consider the martial law status in conjunction with such legal facts as existence of conditions (grounds) and introduction of the martial law, while the conditions (de facto state of emergency) mentioned in the Constitution and the Law, shall not be identified with the regime of the state of emergency.

How relevant is this discussion for the electoral process?

There are two possible options:

  1. under conditions of the state of emergency, it is prohibited to conduct elections. In case of formal approach, elections will not take place only in the event of introducing the regime of the state of emergency;

Important! Neither the Constitution, nor the Law have anything about the possibility to conduct elections in the event of introducing the state of emergency in certain areas only. Applying the formal approach to interpret Art. 21 of the Law, under conditions of the state of emergency, it is prohibited to conduct any elections whether the state of emergency was introduced on the entire territory or in certain areas only. At the same time, the restriction is debatable in the context of conducting local elections in the areas not covered by the state of emergency.

  1. The regime of emergency situation does not prohibit the conduct of elections; at the same time, in the event of taking into account the de facto circumstances and the recognition of the existing conditions of the state of emergency without introducing its status, in order to have the elections, the Parliament shall adopt the respective legislative changes. For example, these may be changes introduced to the Electoral Code of Ukraine and/or the Code on Civil Defense of Ukraine.

Will the changes to the law banning the election in the areas with the introduced regime of emergency situation be consistent with the Constitution?

According to Art. 3 of the Constitution, the human being, his or her life and health, honour and dignity, inviolability and security are recognized in Ukraine as the highest social value, while to affirm and ensure human rights and freedoms is the main duty of the State. Conducting elections under conditions of the pandemics (under the Law, pandemics is the ground for introducing the state of emergency) constitutes a real rather than formal (legal) threat to life and health of a human being and a citizen. That is why conducting elections under such conditions, regardless of whether the regime was introduced or not, may be inconsistent with the provisions of Art. 3 of the Constitution.

At the same time, a question arises whether a possible precedent of postponing elections without introducing the state of emergency may lead to abuse of such option in the future, and how to prevent it.

In order to prevent any possible abuse restraining the exercise of electoral rights, postponement of elections shall take place under the following conditions:

  1. abiding by the principle of legality, i.e. in order to postpone the elections under such conditions, there shall be clear procedures and the grounds therefor established by the law (as it has been mentioned before, in the event of postponing the elections in the context of emergency situation, legislative changes are necessary);
  2. availability of a legitimate goal, such as when postponement of elections is needed to protect the health and safety of people or to protect rights and freedoms of other persons.
  3. the need in democratic society, such as postponement of elections (restraints for the exercise of electoral rights) shall be consistent with the following:
  • urgent social necessity;
  • principle of proportionality, such as the usefulness of such restraints shall prevail over damages caused by them;
  • consistency and sufficiency of justifications provided by national authorities to acquit the postponement of elections – restrictive measures shall be justified and compatible with the actual threat from having the elections to health of population.
  1. restraints shall have a clearly finite duration, such as the elections may not be postponed infinitely.

 Legal framework for empowering the President to introduce the state of emergency, and to delegate the powers among the public authorities

At the governmental meeting on March, 18, 2020,[9] the Prime Minister assigned the Ministry of Justice to develop a draft law on the powers of the President (in the event it is found impossible for the parliament to function) to declare the martial law, and also on delegating powers between public authorities.

Under part 2 Art. 19 of the Constitution, central public authorities and local self-government bodies, and their officials shall act solely on the grounds, within the powers, and in the manner provided by the Constitution and the laws of Ukraine. It is noteworthy that the powers of the President of Ukraine are exclusively determined by the Constitution of Ukraine (par. 31 part 1 Art. 106), such as they shall not be expanded by adopting a regular law.

At the same time, changes to the procedures introducing the state of emergency in part of excluding the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine from this process or the “exchange” of constitutional powers between public authorities and local self-government bodies will require changes to the Constitution of Ukraine. Otherwise, such initiatives will go contrary to the Constitution.

Conversely, the powers of central executive authorities (Ministries, Services, Agencies, Inspections, Commissions) shall be determined by the resolutions of the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine. Therefore, the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine is empowered to redistribute the competence between Ministries, for efficient functioning of the public mechanism, by introducing changes or by adopting new resolutions.

[1] https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/995_004#Text

[2] https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/995_043#Text

[3] https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/462-19

[4]Individual opinion of the judge of the Constitutional Court of Ukraine Shyshkin V.I. on the Findings of the Constitutional Court of Ukraine in the case on the request of the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine for the opinion on compliance of the draft law on introducing changes to the Constitution of Ukraine on immunity of people’s deputies of Ukraine and the judges with provisions of Articles 157 and 158 of the Constitution of Ukraine: https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/nh01d710-15

[5] Individual opinion of the judge of the Constitutional Court of Ukraine Slidenko I.D. on the Findings of the Constitutional Court of Ukraine in the case on the request of the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine for the opinion on compliance of the finalized draft law on introducing changes to the Constitution of Ukraine (on justice) with the provisions of Articles 157 and 158 of the Constitution of Ukraine: https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/nd02d710-16#Text

Individual opinion of the judge of the Constitutional Court of Ukraine Slidenko I.D. on the Findings of the Constitutional Court of Ukraine in the case on the constitutional request from the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine on producing the Opinion on compliance of the draft law on introducing changes to the Constitution of Ukraine (on cancelling lawyer monopoly) (reg. No. 1013) with provisions of Articles 157 and 158 of the Constitution of Ukraine: https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/ng04d710-19

[6] Individual opinion of the judge of the Constitutional Court of Ukraine Melnyk M.I. on the Findings of the Constitutional Court of Ukraine in the case on the constitutional request from the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine on producing the Opinion on compliance of the draft law on introducing changes to the Constitution of Ukraine on the immunity of people’s deputies of Ukraine and the judges with the provisions of Articles 157 and 158 of the Constitution of Ukraine dated June, 23, 2015: https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/nd01d710-15

Individual opinion of the judge of the Constitutional Court of Ukraine Melnyk M.I. on the Findings of the Constitutional Court of Ukraine in the case on the constitutional request from the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine on producing the Opinion on compliance of the draft law on introducing changes to the Constitution of Ukraine (in part of lifting the parliamentary immunity) (reg. No. 6773) with provisions of Articles 157 and 158 of the Constitution of Ukraine:  https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/ne01d710-18

[7] https://day.kyiv.ua/uk/article/podrobyci/syla-okremoyi-dumky

[8]https://www.facebook.com/olena.boryslavska?fref=search&__tn__=%2Cd%2CP-R&eid=ARBVJpAoP42EgVc_rp07uciCnUNlAr2K0CGPzfOPDlOW6se31o3p6Q22oxE8zk7CUt0-o4XPmcE0hrF8

[9] https://www.youtube.com/watch?time_continue=2947&v=_qTgwOZt45g&feature=emb_logo

[1] https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/1550-14#n82

[2] https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/5403-17#n177

[3] https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/1645-14

[4] https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/4004-12

[5]https://www.kmu.gov.ua/npas/pro-zapobigannya-poshim110320rennyu-na-teritoriyi-ukrayini-koronavirusu-covid-19

[6] https://yur-gazeta.com/golovna/karantin-ochima-yuristiv-.html